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Abortion restrictions in the United States are laws intended or having the effect of restricting the availability or practice of abortions in the United States in the context of the Supreme Court's decisions in ''Roe v. Wade'' and ''Planned Parenthood v. Casey'', which recognised a legal right in the United States to certain abortions, but which permitted states to limit access. Individual states, particularly in the 2010s, have imposed many such restrictions. ==Laws targeting abortion clinics== Regulations applying only to abortion clinics are sometimes called TRAP (Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers) laws. According to ''Mother Jones'' and ''The New Republic'' they create standards that may be arbitrary or difficult to implement and are aimed at closing abortion clinics. For example, some laws require abortion clinics to meet the same standards as ambulatory surgical centers, which entail renovations that are prohibitively expensive for some clinics. Others require that doctors performing abortions have admitting privileges at a nearby hospital. Some hospitals refuse admitting privileges to any doctor who performs abortions. From 2011, the crimes of Kermit Gosnell, a physician who ran an abortion clinic in Philadelphia, spurred federal and state bills to more strictly regulate abortion facilities. Opponents of the restrictions questioned whether stricter regulations would have deterred Gosnell, who was alleged to be knowingly in violation of existing regulations.〔 Supporters of Texas Senate Bill 5, which included requirements for abortion clinics to meet ambulatory surgical center regulations and for abortion clinic doctors to have hospital admitting privileges, said the bill improved health care for women and babies. Opponents of the bill said it created unnecessary regulations for the purpose of reducing access to abortions. At the time of the bill's signing into law in 2013, five of the state's forty-two abortion clinics met the law's requirements. Courts had blocked enforcement of similar laws in some other states, pending lawsuits challenging their constitutionality. A federal district judge determined this law to be unconstitutional, finding that the admitting privileges requirement placed an undue burden on a person seeking to have an abortion; however, this decision was reversed by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, resulting in the immediate closure of all but seven abortion clinics in the state, all of these in urban areas. For patients in Texas's Rio Grande valley, the nearest clinic is now 300 miles away. Following the passage of a 2013 Wisconsin law requiring abortion providers to have admitting privileges at a nearby hospital, three Catholic hospital systems in the state intended to deny admitting privileges to abortion providers. Wisconsin's attorney general said this intent violated the Church Amendment of 1973, which prohibits hospitals receiving federal funds from discriminating against a doctor on the basis of whether the doctor provides abortions. In Maryland, according to ''The New York Times'', something "rare in this era of polarized abortion politics" occurred when laws that significantly tightened the licensing and inspection of abortion clinics were supported by those on both sides of the abortion issue.〔()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Types of abortion restrictions in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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